Models of Interdependent Equations of Patents from Expenditures and Employees in Research and Development from European Union Countries with Different Levels of Innovation
The aim of this study is to identify the regressive dependence of patents on research and development (R&D) expenditures or the number of R&D employees in models with interdependent equations in countries above and below the European Union (EU) innovation average belonging to the EU in 2016 and 2019. In addition, the marginal and average resource and labor intensity of patents in countries with different levels of innovation in the years under study are determined. The research results indicate that countries above the EU average for innovation have the lowest average patent resource and labor intensity. By contrast, countries below the EU average for innovation have the highest average patent resource and labor intensity.
Copyright© 2020 The Author(s). This article is distributed under the terms of the license CC-BY 4.0., which permits any further distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Zwolak, J. (2020). Models of Interdependent Equations of Patents from Expenditures and Employees in Research and Development from European Union Countries with Different Levels of Innovation. Journal of Applied Economic Sciences, Volume XV, Winter, 4(70): 726-737. https://doi.org/10.57017/jaes.v15.4(70).02
[1] Artz, K.W., Norman, P.M., Hatfield, D.E., and Cardinal, L.B. 2010. A longitudinal study of the impact of R&D, patents, and product innovation on firm performance. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 27(5): 725-740. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5885.2010.00747.x
[2] Bach, M.P., Pivar, J., and Dumičić, K. 2017. Data anonymization patent landscape. Croatian Operational Research Review CRORR, 8: 265–281.
[3] Baruffaldi, S.H., and Simeth, M. 2020. Patents and knowledge diffusion: The effect of early disclosure. Research Policy, 49(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2020.103927
[4] Bergek, A., and Bruzelius, M. 2010. Are patents with multiple inventors from different countries a good indicator of international R&D collaboration? The case of ABB. Research Policy, 39(10): 1321-1334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2010.08.002
[5] Buerger, M., Broekel, T., and Coad, A. 2012. Regional dynamics of innovation: Investigating the co-evolution of patents, research and development (R&D), and employment. Regional Studies, 46(5): 565-582. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2010.520693
[6] Bulut, H., and Moschini, G. 2006. Patents, trade secrets and the correlation among R&D projects. Economics Letters, 91(1): 131-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2005.11.010
[7] Chen, K., Kou, M., Fu, X. 2018. Evaluation of multi-period regional R&D efficiency: An application of dynamic DEA to China’s regional R&D systems. Omega, 74: 103-114. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2019.vol6.no3.141
[8] Cimoli, M., Dosi, G., Mazzoleni, R., and Sampat, B. 2011. Innovation, technical change and patents in the development process: A long term view, LEM Working Paper Series, No. 2011/06, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM), Pisa.
[9] Danguy, J., de Rassenfosse, G., and van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, B. 2014. On the origins of the worldwide surge in patenting: An industry perspective on the R&D-patent relationship. Industrial and Corporate Change, 23(2): 535-572.
[10] Edquist, C., and Zabala-Iturriagagoitia, J.M. 2015. The innovation union scoreboard is flawed: The case of Sweden – not being the innovation leader of the EU. Papers in Innovation Studies, Paper no. 2015/16.
[11] Feng, J., Jaravel, X. 2020. Crafting intellectual property rights: Implications for patent assertion entities, litigation, and innovation. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 12(1): 140-181. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20180361
[12] Fischer, T., and Leidinger, J. 2014. Testing patent value indicators on directly observed patent value - An empirical analysis of Ocean Tomo patent auctions. Research Policy, 43(3): 519-529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2013.07.013
[13] Fontana, R., Nuvolari, A., Shimizu, H., Vezzulli, A. 2013. Reassessing patent propensity: Evidence from a dataset of R&D awards, 1977–2004. Research Policy, 42(10): 1780-1792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2012.05.014
[14] Galasso, A., and Schankerman, M. 2018. Patent rights, innovation, and firm exit. The RAND Journal of Economics, 49(1): 64-86. https://doi.org/10.1111/1756-2171.12219
[15] Gambardella, A., Harhoff, D. and Verspagen, B. 2008. The value of European patents. European Management Review, 5(2): 69-84. https://doi.org/10.1057/emr.2008.10
[16] Gambardella, A., Harhoff, D., and Verspagen, B. 2011. The determinants of the private value of patented inventions. Mimeo, Bocconi University. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 228395287_THE_DETERMINANTS_OF_THE_PRIVATE_VALUE_OF_PATENTED_INVENTIONS
[17] Gaule, P. 2018. Patents and the success of venture‐capital backed start-ups: Using examiner assignment to estimate causal effects. The Journal of Industrial Economics, 66(2): 350-376. https://doi.org/10.1111/joie.12168
[18] Gocer, I., Alatas, S., and Peker, O. 2016. Effects of R&D and innovation on income in EU countries: New generation panel cointegration and causality analysis. Theoretical and Applied Economics, 4(609): 153-164.
[19] Graham, S., Hegde, D. 2015. Disclosing patents' secrets. Science, 347(6219): 236-237. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1262080
[20] Griffith, R., Huergo, E., Mairesse, J., and Peters, B. 2006. Innovation and productivity across four European countries. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 22 (4): 483-498.
[21] Harhoff, D., and Wagner, S. 2009. The duration of patent examination at the European Patent Office. Management Science, 55(12): 1969-1984.
[22] Hemel, D.J., and Ouellette, L.L. 2013. Beyond the patents-prizes debate. Texas Law Review, 92: 303.
[23] Hong, C.S., and Jung, J.H. 2012. Technology innovation in Korean manufacturing firms: Intra-firm knowledge diffusion and market strategy in patent production. Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy, 1(1): 50-70.
[24] Kacprzyk, A., and Doryń, W. 2017. Innovation and economic growth in old and new member states of the European Union. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 30(1): 1724–1742. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2017.1383176
[25] Karkinsky, T., and Riedel, N. 2012. Corporate taxation and the choice of patent location within multinational firms. Journal of international Economics, 88(1): 176-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2012.04.002
[26] Koh, P.S., and Reeb, D.M. 2015. Missing R&D. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 60(1): 73-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2015.03.004
[27] Robinson, J. 1977. What Are the Questions? Journal of Economic Literature, 15(4): 1318-1339. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2722966
[28] Roper, S., and Hewitt-Dundas, N. 2015. Knowledge stocks, knowledge flows and innovation: Evidence from matched patents and innovation panel data. Research Policy, 44(7): 1327-1340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2015.03.003
[29] Smojver,V., Štorga, M, and Potočki, E. 2019. Determining the life cycle phase of a technology based on patent data. Tehnički Vjesnik, 26(1): 222-229. https://doi.org/10.17559/TV-20171123182106
[30] Sudolska, A., and Łapińska, J. 2020. Exploring determinants of innovation capability in manufacturing companies operating in Poland. Sustainability, 12: 7101. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177101
[31] Svensson, R. 2013. Publicly-funded R&D programs and survival of patents. Applied Economics, 45(10): 1343-1358. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2011.617700
[32] Tebaldi, E., and Elmslie, B. 2013. Does institutional quality impact innovation? Evidence from cross-country patent grant data. Applied Economics, 45(7): 887-900. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2011.613777
[33] Teruel, M., and Segarra, A. 2018. Gender diversity, R&D teams and patents: An application to Spanish firms, XREAP 2018/01, Univesitat Rovira i Virgili, 48 pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3120901
[34] Thomas, V.J., Sharma, S., and Jain, S.K. 2011. Using patents and publications to assess R&D efficiency in the states of the USA. World Patent Information, 33(1): 4-10.
[35] Ullberg, E. 2017. Coordination of inventions and innovations through patent markets with prices. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 8: 704–738. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-016-0418-0
[36] Viana, L., Jabour, D., Ramirez P., and da Cruz, G. 2018. Patents go to the market? University-Industry Technology Transfer from a Brazilian Perspective. Journal of Technology Management & Innovation, 13(3): 24-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27242018000300024
[37] Zobel, A.K., Balsmeier, B., Chesbrough, H. 2016. Does patenting help or hinder open innovation? Evidence from new entrants in the solar industry, Industrial and Corporate Change, 25(2): 307-331.