image

Unanticipated Money Growth and Unemployment in the Philippines

Download Paper PDF: Download pdf
Author(s):
Abstract:

The Philippines has had high levels of unemployment for years. During the 2000s, the unemployment rate hovered between seven and ten percent.  High unemployment can have adverse effects on individuals and society. The question that this paper analyses is how unanticipated money growth affect the unemployment situation in the Philippines. There has been literature on the relationship between unanticipated growth on the money supply and unemployment. The paper proposes that only unanticipated money movements will affect real economic variables like unemployment and the output level. In order to test our hypothesis, it is important that we need to quantify the concepts of anticipated and unanticipated money movements. This paper uses time-series data on several economic variables as well as a model based on Geetha et al. (2023). Using an error-correction model, the results show that an unanticipated increase in M2 money is a factor that contributes to unemployment in Philippines.

How to cite:

Patalinghug, J. C. (2024). Unanticipated money growth and unemployment in the Philippines. Journal of Applied Economic Sciences, Volume XIX, Fall, 3(85), 267 – 276. https://doi.org/10.57017/jaes.v19.3(85).03

References:

[1] Ajisafe, R. A., Adesina, K. E., & Okunade, S. O. (2022). Effects of anticipated and unanticipated monetary policy on output in Nigeria. African Journal of Economic Review, 10(2), 40-55. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajer/article/view/223048 

[2] Aßhoff, S., Belke, A., & Osowski, T. (2021). Unconventional monetary policy and inflation expectations in the Euro area. Economic Modelling, 102, 105564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2021.105564

[3] Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (2021). Depository corporations survey. https://www.bsp.gov.ph/Media_and_Research/Primers%20Faqs/dcs.pdf

[4] Barro, R. J. (1977). Unanticipated money growth and unemployment in the United States. American Economic Review, 67(2), 101-115. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1807224

[5] Barro, R. J. (1978). Unanticipated money, output, and the price level in the United States. Journal of Political Economy, 86(4), 549-580. https://doi.org/10.1086/260699

[6] Barro, R. J. (1979). Unanticipated money growth and unemployment in the United States: Reply. American Economic Review, 69(5), 1004-1009. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1813674

[7] Cacnio, F. C. Q. (2013). Revisiting the issue of anticipated and unanticipated monetary policy shocks. Bangko Sentral Review, 15(1), 37-48. https://www.bsp.gov.ph/Media_And_Research/Publications/BS13_A3.pdf

[8] D’Amico, S., & King, T. B. (2023). What does anticipate monetary policy do? Journal of Monetary Economics, 138, 123-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2023.06.001

[9] Dahlhaus, T., & Vasishtha, G. (2020). Monetary policy news in the US: Effects on emerging market capital flows. Journal of International Money and Finance, 109, 102251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2020.102251

[10] Darracq-Paries, M., & De Santis, R. A. (2015). A non-standard monetary policy shock: The ECB's 3-year LTROs and the shift in credit supply. Journal of International Money and Finance, 54, 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2015.02.011

[11] Deheri, A. (2021). The effects of monetary policy on output and inflation in India: A time-varying approach. Economics Bulletin, 41(3), 1603-1614. http://www.accessecon.com/Pubs/EB/2021/Volume41/EB-21-V41-I3-P136.pdf

[12]  Engle, R. & Granger, C. (1987). Cointegration and error correction: Representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251-276. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913236

[13] Freeman, R. (1992). Labor market institutions and policies: Help or hindrance to economic development? Proceedings of the World Bank Annual Conference on Development Economics, 117-144.

[14] Geetha, C., Mahmud, R., & Ching, K. S. (2023). Anticipated and unanticipated monetary variables effectiveness in measuring financial stability in Malaysia during crisis. Malaysian Journal of Business and Economics, 10(2), 76-87. https://doi.org/10.51200/mjbe.v10i2.4821

[15] Gochoco, M. S. H. (1984). Anticipated money, unanticipated money, and interest rate movements in the U.S.: 1959-1979 [Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University].

[16] Gogas, P., Pragidis, I., & Tabak, B. M. (2018). Asymmetric effects of monetary policy in the US and Brazil. The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, 18, e00108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeca.2018.e00108

[17] Goshit, G. G., Jelilov, G., Iorember, P. T., Celik, B., & Davd‐Wayas, O. M. (2022). Asymmetric effects of monetary policy shocks on output growth in Nigeria: Evidence from nonlinear ARDL and Hatemi‐J causality tests. Journal of Public Affairs, 22(2), e2449. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2449

[18] Hlasny, V. (2009). Unanticipated money growth and GDP: Evidence from Korea. Journal of Current Issues in Finance, Business & Economics, 2(2-3), 29-45.

[19] Iorember, P. T., Jelilov, G., Alymkulova, N., & Gbaka, S. (2021). Analysis of the impact of monetary policy shocks on domestic output growth in Nigeria: evidence from dynamic ARDL and VECM tests. International Journal of Public Policy, 16(1), 13-25. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPP.2021.121955

[20] Jha, R., & Donde, K. (2001). The real effects of anticipated and unanticipated money: A test of the Barro Proposition in the Indian context. The Indian Economic Journal, 49(1), 21-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019466220010103

[21] Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2), 231-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(88)90041-3

[22] Khatri-Chhetri, J. B., Kittiampon, A., & Wallace, M. S. (1990). Anticipated and unanticipated money in Thailand. The American Economist, 34(1), 83–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/056943459003400110

[23] Lucas Jr, R. E. (1972). Expectations and the neutrality of money. Journal of Economic Theory, 4(2), 103-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0531(72)90142-1

[24] Maitra, B. (2011). Anticipated money, unanticipated money and output variations in Singapore. Journal of Quantitative Economics, 9(1), 118-133.

[25] Maitra, B. (2010). Unanticipated monetary shocks and exchange rate variations in Sri Lanka. The Indian Economic Journal, 58(1), 112-133. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019466220100108

[26] Marashdeh, O. (1993). Anticipated and unanticipated money: a case study of Malaysia. Applied Economics, 25(7), 919–925. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036849300000071

[27] Milani, F. & Treadwell, J. (2012), The effects of monetary policy “news” and “surprises”. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 44(8), 1667-1692. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4616.2012.00549.x

[28] Mishkin, F. S. (1982). Does anticipated monetary policy matter? An econometric investigation. Journal of Political Economy, 90(1), 22-51. https://doi.org/10.1086/261038

[29] Nelson, C. R. & Plosser C. I. (1982). Trends and random walks in macroeconomic time series: Some evidence and implications. Journal of Monetary Economics, 10(2), 139-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(82)90012-5

[30] Rush, M. (1986). Unexpected money and unemployment 1920-1983. Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 18(3), 259-274. https://doi.org/10.2307/1992380

[31] Sam, Y. H., Geetha, C., Chandran, V. V., & Ahmed, A. (2015). Testing the neutrality of money towards real output: A case of Malaysia. International Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, 4(10). https://doi.org/10.4172/21626359.1000298

[32] Small, D. H. (1979). Unanticipated money growth and unemployment in the United States: Comment. American Economic Review, 69(5), 996-1003. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1813673

[33] Tang, H., Zhang, C., & Zhou, H. (2022). Monetary policy surprises and investment of non-listed real sector firms in China. International Review of Economics & Finance, 79, 631-642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2022.02.010

[34] Thanh, S. D., Canh, N. P., & Maiti, M. (2020). Asymmetric effects of unanticipated monetary shocks on stock prices: Emerging market evidence. Economic Analysis and Policy, 65, 40-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2019.11.005

[35] Tolulope, A. O. (2013). A bound test analysis of effects of monetary policy shocks on output and prices in Nigeria 2000-2010. Journal of Economics and Behavioural Studies, 5(3), 136-147. https://doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v5i3.388

[36] Ülke, V., & Berument, M. H. (2016). Asymmetric effects of monetary policy shocks on economic performance: Empirical evidence from Turkey. Applied Economics Letters, 23(5), 353-360. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2015.1073836