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Volume I, Issue 2(2), 2025
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This study analyses the existence of structural breaks and market anomalies in the Indian stock market during catastrophic periods from 1990 to 2023. We employ OLS dummy variable techniques to identify seasonal anomalies and the Chow breakpoint test to detect structural breaks in the BSE and NSE indices. Our findings reveal a significant December effect in the NSE, while the BSE shows no such significant monthly anomalies. The Chow test results indicate that major crises, including the 1992 security scam, the 2008 global meltdown, the 2009 political regime change, and the 2020-21 pandemic, were significant catalysts for a continuing swing in the level of Indian stock indices.
This research contributes to the literature by demonstrating that while market anomalies can exist, structural breaks during catastrophic events are a more significant factor influencing the Indian stock market. Our findings have important practical implications for investors, policymakers, and regulators, highlighting the need to account for both seasonal effects and the impact of systemic crises when analysing market behaviour.
© The Author(s) 2025. Published by RITHA Publishing. This article is distributed under the terms of the license CC-BY 4.0., which permits any further distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited maintaining attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and URL DOI.
Article’s history: Received 27th of August, 2025; Revised 24th of September, 2025; Accepted for publication 30th of September, 2025; Available online: 7th of October, 2025; Published as article in Volume I, Issue 2(2), December, 2025.
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This paper examines the role of legal and regulatory governance in mitigating risks associated with renewable energy (RE) investments. Drawing on recent scholarly and policy literature, it explores how governance structures, legal origins, and institutional quality influence the political, financial, and technical risks that affect RE project deployment. The review shows that strong rule of law, policy stability, and regulatory clarity significantly reduce systemic investment risks by improving transparency, investor confidence, and access to finance. Conversely, weak governance and fragmented legal frameworks amplify uncertainty and hinder project implementation. Civil law systems are found to align more closely with Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) priorities, while common law systems often prioritise investor protection and short-term returns.
The study highlights key legal strategies, including harmonised regulations, streamlined permitting, feed-in tariffs, and adaptive governance mechanisms such as regulatory sandboxes, as essential tools for de-risking RE investments. The paper concludes that governance quality is not a peripheral factor but a core determinant of successful renewable energy transition, underscoring the need for coherent, transparent, and adaptive legal frameworks to foster a stable and sustainable investment environment.
© The Author(s) 2025. Published by RITHA Publishing. This article is distributed under the terms of the license CC-BY 4.0., which permits any further distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited maintaining attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and URL DOI.
Article’s history: Received 2nd of September, 2025; Revised 22nd of September, 2025; Accepted for publication 2nd of October, 2025; Available online: 23rd of October, 2025. Published as article in Volume I, Issue 2(2), December, 2025.
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The United States electrical grid confronts unprecedented challenges from surging demand, cybersecurity threats, and climate-related disruptions. This paper presents a comprehensive strategic framework for grid modernization organized around three interdependent pillars: technological innovation and deployment, regulatory reform and workforce development, and strategic public-private partnerships. Through detailed analysis of legal barriers, including federal-state jurisdictional conflicts under the Federal Power Act, transmission siting authority limitations, and cybersecurity regulatory gaps, we identify specific legislative and regulatory instruments required for implementation.
The framework proposes establishing a Federal Grid Modernization Authority with hybrid public-private governance structures, incorporating risk-sharing mechanisms and performance-based incentives. Economic analysis demonstrates that proactive modernization investments of $300-400 billion over ten years yield substantially lower costs than the projected $2-3 trillion economic losses from potential catastrophic grid failures. Drawing on comparative international analysis and synthesizing current policy gaps, our phased implementation strategy projects that achieving 80% renewable integration, 99.97% grid reliability, and elimination of foreign dependency for critical components is feasible within a ten-year horizon given appropriate policy support and investment frameworks.
© The Author(s) 2025. Published by RITHA Publishing. This article is distributed under the terms of the license CC-BY 4.0., which permits any further distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited maintaining attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and URL DOI.
Article’s history: Received 27th September, 2025; Revised 18th October, 2025; Accepted for publication 28th October; Available online: 10th November, 2025; Published as article in Volume I, Issue 2(2), December, 2025
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The present study aimed to study financial literacy using dimensions such as financial knowledge, behaviour, and attitude. The financial knowledge of the respondents was gauged using respondents’ awareness and usage of the financial services. The financial behaviour of the Bahraini youth is positive and encouraging. There is positive correlation between age and financial services usage and the relationship between education and financial services’ usage is also low. The financial behaviour and attitude among the Bahraini youth is not poor, but it needs attention from the different stakeholders, including educators, government, and NGOs to achieve the Vision-2030 objectives of the government.
© The Author(s) 2025. Published by RITHA Publishing. This article is distributed under the terms of the license CC-BY 4.0., which permits any further distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited maintaining attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and URL DOI.
