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Volume XVII, Spring, Issue 1(75), 2022
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The New Institutional Economics framework is incorporated and a practical approach for assessing the level and factors of governance efficiency of Bulgarian farms suggested. The evaluation is made on the basis of original micro-data collected by the managers of typical farms of different type and location. The "Nature of the problems in effective organization for major class farm transactions for securing needed factors of production and output marketing" is used as an indicator for the comparative efficiency and adaptability of individual farms.
The study found that the governance efficiency of farms is at a Good level but 60% of all holdings are with a Low efficiency. Major factors for inferior governance efficiency of farms are unsatisfactory efficiency in supply of necessary labor, innovations and know-how, and funding. There is a huge variation in the level and factors of governance efficiency of farms with different juridical types and sizes as well as in the share of farms with different levels of efficiency in each group. A strong correlation is found between the level of governance efficiency of farms, and diverse critical internal and external market, technological, institutional, personal, etc. factors. There is a big discrepancy between the “new” assessment of Governance efficiency with dominating traditional approaches for farm efficiency assessments based on factors' productivity. There was an improvement in the overall governance efficiency of farms during 2016-2020 but the share of efficient farms significantly declined during the period.
Copyright© 2022 The Author(s). This article is distributed under the terms of the license CC-BY 4.0., which permits any further distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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This article derives a twofold Marshall Lerner condition for money demand such that the current account may increase or decrease upon respective decrements or increments in the real exchange rate. This is noteworthy because the historic Marshall Lerner condition is such that the current account increases on account of a depreciation in the real exchange rate, yet, the current account also increases if the real exchange rate appreciates: the seeming contradiction is resolved by realizing that the current account respectively increases on account of a fundamental increment in (i) the real money supply and (ii) money demand, which increments respectively affect the real exchange rate in terms of a depreciation and an appreciation, concomitantly. The explanation advanced by the historic Marshall Lerner condition is therefore incomplete or superficial, if not ultimately misleading: the problem is hereby rectified.
Copyright© 2022 The Author(s). This article is distributed under the terms of the license CC-BY 4.0., which permits any further distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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In this research, the author has attempted to systematize the current state of knowledge on selected aspects of poverty and inequality, in light of available analysis and quantitative data, from the perspective of the COVID-19 pandemic. This article is of a polemic nature. Therefore, this text should be treated as a starting point for the empirical research planned by the author during the following months of the research project: SUPB.RN.21.109, Id: 538.
The purpose of this paper is to distinguish the most significant areas where the COVID-19 pandemic initiated change. Due to the importance of the phenomenon, the variability over time, as well as its complex aspect, it would be impossible to discuss the issue comprehensively within a single publication, as highlighted. The motto of the considerations was the words of Gorynia (2020): The coronavirus is unquestionably a phenomenon from the world of uncertainty rather than the world of probability (...) it is a multidimensional phenomenon and as such requires an appropriate approach to its complexity.
Copyright© 2022 The Author(s). This article is distributed under the terms of the license CC-BY 4.0., which permits any further distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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This article is an assessment of the current state of affairs in Uzbekistan’s sustainable development goals (SDG)-related policies. It is based on an analysis of UN compiled data on SDGs, and an overview of Uzbekistan’s key SDG-related strategies, as well as unstructured interviews with a dozen respondents. Desk research suggests that Government’s key SDG priorities remain in export promotion, job creation and increased economic competitiveness. Interviews suggest that sustainability is understood as political and economic stability, economic growth, environmental conservation and rule of law. From the SDG issues, respondents identified SME and female entrepreneur support, employment generation and e-commerce as the ones with the highest priority, while concurring that corruption, monopolies and market distortions, low policy implementation capacity and limited public awareness of sustainability were the greatest obstacles. The greatest strength of Uzbekistan in integrating international trade into SDGs is the current reform momentum. Significantly improved relations with neighbours are another strength, with a window of opportunity to improve on regional trade, transit, connectivity, as well as water management and water-energy nexus. The greatest challenge remains the government’s focus on exports, jobs and investments at the expense of other SDGs, as well as the continuation of the import substitution policies.
Copyright© 2022 The Author(s). This article is distributed under the terms of the license CC-BY 4.0., which permits any further distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Since the first quarter of 2020, due to the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic, which is continuing unabated with the periodical emergence of new variants, international tourism has become one of the most affected sources of external earnings for developing countries. For the South Asian countries, the crisis was predicted to result in a 42% to 60% drop in tourist arrivals in 2020 and 2021. Tourism has been providing a great impetus to the growth of the informal sector supported by information and communication technology and the participation of women, both full-time and part-time in several small and mini-enterprises. This panel study employing a nonlinear econometric methodology confirms the existence of an asymmetric association between tourism and economic growth for six South Asian countries for the period 1995 to 2018 for which data series are complete and officially available. While the positive partial-sum decomposition of tourism increased economic growth, the negative-sum decomposition of tourism had a much greater adverse effect on economic growth. There are some relevant conclusions with policy implications in the context of continuing uncertainties.
Copyright© 2022 The Author(s). This article is distributed under the terms of the license CC-BY 4.0., which permits any further distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Unemployment status is considered one of the divisive economic issues. This paper aims to examine the factors such as age, gender, geographical area, educational level, college major and work experience that affect unemployment status in Lebanon. As well as predicting college majors that reduce unemployment in Lebanon. Using the survey method to collect data.
This study found that individuals with higher educational levels and higher work experience are set to have higher chances to be employed. Another finding is that males have more opportunities to get hired. With respect to the geographical area, citizens that live in the capital Beirut, have more chances to enter the labor market. Individuals between the age of 24 and 37 have higher chances to get recruited. By studying the college majors, this study found that individuals that have business management, computer science, art, health, nursing, nutrition and psychology as a college major could guarantee a job opportunity more than individuals with other majors. The findings would help students in choosing a college major that helps them find a job opportunity after graduating.
Copyright© 2022 The Author(s). This article is distributed under the terms of the license CC-BY 4.0., which permits any further distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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COVID-19 led to a shockwave in all aspects of the tourism sector, generating an increase in significant studies. The research regards the selected problems within the tourism industry in France: the participation in tourism for personal purposes; the total contribution of travel and tourism to GDP; domestic tourism expenditure; spending of international tourists; the direct contribution of travel and tourism to employment; the average price of a standard double hotel room in Paris in terms of the COVID-19 pandemic. The fundamental aim of the paper is the assessment of the situation within the tourism industry in France in light of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The paper is using of statistical, dynamics, comparative and documentation analysis. The discussion shows that the tourism sector in France within the chosen aspects impacted various COVID-19 pandemic related shocks in the examination time. The authorities applied the relevant instruments, solutions, and activities that mitigated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and, in result, positioned tourism industry in France on the proper way to return to the position as one of the most visited countries in the world. Originally from 2021, similar tourism tendencies to those noticed in 2020 (country lockdowns, quarantines, border closures), modifications of structure beginning from summer 2020 can result in hysteresis consequences in 2022. The inference process took place in a deductive way.
The presented paper regards the leading tourist country. It focuses on the considerations in such scientific areas as participation in tourism for personal purposes; the total contribution of travel domestic tourism expenditure; spending of international tourists; employment. Applying the instruments and measures of the analysis enables one to examine the crucial problems of the tourism industry. The arguments indicated in the paper can be beneficial for practitioners, decision-makers, and managers. The pandemic's trajectory is challenging to be forecast. The COVID-19 pandemic modifications can cause the growth of infected people.
Furthermore, the defined economic activity within the tourism sector resulting from additional lockdowns may have a meaningful influence on the different aspects of the socio-economic ground. The paper can inspire additional research and examination in the ground of crucial issues of the tourism industry in France and other stimulating scientific analysis.
Copyright© 2022 The Author(s). This article is distributed under the terms of the license CC-BY 4.0., which permits any further distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
